Bill & Melinda Gates foundation

Through improvements in outreach, staffing, technical and programmatic innovation, and data collection and analysis, polio vaccination campaigns can achieve the required immunization coverage to reach GPEI goals. Our priority is to improve the quality of campaigns in Nigeria, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, as well as other areas of Africa that are at risk of polio importation.

Children receiving oral polio vaccine at an event inaugurating a polio vaccination campaign in Kano, Nigeria.

A cornerstone of the GPEI polio eradication strategy is the goal of reaching all children in the first year of life in the highest-risk countries with multiple doses of oral polio vaccine (OPV), through both national and local vaccination campaigns. Efforts include door-to-door immunization in areas where poliovirus is known or suspected to be circulating, as well as in areas at risk of re-importation, with limited access to healthcare, high population density and mobility, poor sanitation, and low routine immunization coverage.

We support work to understand and overcome local social, cultural, political, and religious barriers to improving vaccination coverage, and we seek ways to engage the cooperation and support of political leaders as well as health professionals, including private practitioners and medical associations. Expanded staffing and training of vaccination teams and greater technical assistance are also priorities.

We promote the use of sophisticated mapping and tracking tools to help identify households in villages and help vaccination teams locate children who have not yet received OPV. Such tools also help vaccination teams track nomadic populations so they can be reached with the vaccine.

With our partners, we are working to strengthen comprehensive routine immunization programs that include polio as well as a range of other vaccine-preventable diseases, including diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, and measles. Currently, 20 percent of the world’s children do not receive immunizations of any kind.

Reaching every community with routine immunization requires understanding local barriers to access as well as deploying sophisticated tracking and planning tools. A strong, coordinated immunization system can also serve as a platform for other important health interventions. Other teams at the foundation are working to bring together all the necessary components of such a system, and they look for ways to extend and modify polio tools and training programs so they can be used for routine immunization against a range of diseases.

It is essential to pinpoint where and how wild poliovirus is still circulating, and to verify eradication of the virus. A strong and sensitive surveillance system is critical for accurately targeting campaigns, making programmatic adjustments in a timely and efficient manner, and quickly identifying and addressing outbreaks.

Doctors investigate a suspected case of polio in an infant in the state of Bihar, India.

Surveillance for polio is especially challenging because only a small percentage of infections result in clinically apparent paralytic disease. Poliovirus infection is confirmed by collecting stool specimens from those suspected of being infected and analyzing it in a laboratory to see if poliovirus is present.

We are making investments to evaluate and improve current surveillance efforts, focusing on the highest-risk areas. One area for improvement is environmental surveillance, which involves collecting and testing water samples from sewage networks and other water sources for evidence of poliovirus transmission in the surrounding community. We have invested in a technology that promises more sensitive sampling with lower specimen volume as well as more hygienic collection. We also fund efforts to develop less expensive and more reliable lab diagnostic tools, such as a diagnostic kit that enables smaller, local labs to rapidly rule out negative samples and send positive specimens to larger reference labs for confirmation.

Although current vaccines and detection tools have proven highly effective in eliminating wild poliovirus from most countries, they may not be adequate to achieve complete eradication. We are working with partners to improve the effectiveness of existing tools while accelerating development of safer vaccines, better diagnostic tools, new antiviral drugs, and other products. We also work with partners, suppliers, and governments to ensure sufficient vaccine supply and demand and to promote market competition.

OPV, the polio vaccine used in most of the developing world, is safe, effective, easy to administer, and inexpensive. But OPV consists of live, weakened viruses, which in very rare cases—1 in every 2.7 million first doses of the vaccine—can cause paralysis. In settings with very low OPV coverage, OPV vaccine viruses can also mutate and begin to circulate in the population, just like wild polioviruses.

We support the development of new OPV formulations that are not associated with the risk of mutation as well as vaccine alternatives to OPV. One of the most promising alternatives is inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), which is routinely used in most developed countries but has not been broadly used elsewhere because of its higher cost and the need to have a trained provider administer it by injection. We support efforts to lower the cost of IPV and put in place the training, supply, delivery, and communications infrastructure to expand its use. We also support efforts to develop antiviral drugs to respond to a future accidental or intentional reintroduction of poliovirus in the post-eradication era.

Our investments also include the development of better tools to measure immunity to polio. Blood sampling is currently the only method available to directly measure polio immunity, but widespread blood testing has been hampered by obstacles such as the need for government approval to collect blood samples. We support the development of a simple, low-cost device to test oral fluid or another readily accessible specimen to measure the immune status of children against polio, tetanus, and measles.

Data collection and data sharing are critical to achieving polio eradication. We work to improve access to and use of data to inform program decision making, track progress, improve environmental surveillance, and guide the development of vaccines and diagnostic tools. We work with a consortium of modelers, led by the University of Pittsburgh through the Vaccine Modeling Initiative, to develop an overall decision framework for polio eradication efforts that identifies key decision areas, the data needed to inform decisions, and the staff and partners needed to analyze the data and create models.

We are also working with GPEI partners to shift from using polio cases to calculate progress and risk to using population immunity as a measure. We support Kid Risk, a nonprofit group with extensive polio risk-modeling experience that is developing a system to generate ongoing estimates of population immunity. The system is in the pilot stage using data from Nigeria and India and will be expanded to all priority countries in 2013. We are also working with Seattle-based Global Good to develop an immunity model and projections for stopping polio transmission in Nigeria and Pakistan based on sampling data.

To increase data access and sharing, we are developing a data access platform at WHO that will house key polio data that is standardized, quality assured, and available for analysis and decision making.

The containment and eventual destruction of wild poliovirus strains in laboratories is a key step in avoiding the escape of the virus and potential reemergence of disease. The most recent WHO containment guidelines, known as GAP III, have been in draft form since 2009. These guidelines and safety procedures must be updated to reflect recent developments and finalized well before polio transmission is stopped.

We support our GPEI partners in urgently pushing for international consensus on issues such as the safe handling of residual polioviruses that will be essential for activities such as vaccine production, research, and diagnostic reagent production; procedures for inventorying and destroying the viruses; and criteria and processes for responding to any reintroduced or emergent polioviruses.

Other critical issues include implementing relevant policies and ensuring the appropriate implementation and governance infrastructure at the global, regional, and national levels.

In its two decades of operation, the GPEI has trained and mobilized millions of staff and volunteers, identified and reached households and communities that had been untouched by other initiatives, and established a robust global surveillance and response system.

Through polio eradication efforts, GPEI partners have learned how to overcome logistical, geographic, social, political, cultural, ethnic, gender, financial, and other barriers to working with people in the poorest and least accessible areas. The fight against polio has led to new ways to achieve real impact on human health in the developing world—whether through political engagement, funding, planning and management strategies, or research. As a result, the GPEI has developed a wide range of assets, including detailed knowledge of high-risk groups and migration patterns, effective planning and monitoring procedures, highly trained technical staff, local and regional technical advisory bodies, and a critical mass of political and organizational commitment based on successful partnerships between global national, religious, and local leaders.These assets have already been enlisted to respond to other public health threats and emergencies, including meningitis in western and central Africa, H1N1 flu in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Asian subcontinent, and flooding and tsunami disasters in South Asia.

We are working with the GPEI to identify ways in which the polio infrastructure—including supply chains, surveillance and laboratory systems, and social mobilization networks—can be used to support other health initiatives and immunization programs in the long term, particularly after polio is successfully eradicated.

 A woman delivering vaccines house-to-house in Sokoto, Nigeria.

We work closely with GPEI partners to mobilize funding and sustained global and national political momentum for polio eradication. This involves promoting efforts to increase polio funding from government donors as well as cultivating new and nontraditional donors. We also encourage governments and leaders of polio-affected countries to follow through on their commitments and be accountable for the success of polio campaigns, and we help them identify and implement sources of financing to fund those campaigns.

We also work to align and mobilize other advocates in support of polio eradication, including influential community members such as religious leaders; volunteer organizations; and employers. With partners that include Rotary International, UNICEF, and the Global Poverty Project, we use both traditional and social media to build public awareness of and support for polio eradication and broader immunization activities in both donor countries and countries where polio still exists or where reintroduction is a risk. We also support efforts to tailor communications to particular social, cultural, and political contexts to build demand for vaccination and to dispel misperceptions about the safety and efficacy of vaccines.